Regolith geochemistry publications
The following publications detail the work involved in the development of CSIRO’s Regolith geochemistry for mineral exploration.
Key publications
Scott KM, Pain CF, 2008, Regolith science, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, VIC, 461 pages.
Anand RR, de Broekert P, 2005, Regolith landscape evolution across Australia, Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration, Perth, WA.
Butt CRM, Cornelius M, Scott KM, Robertson IDM, 2005, Regolith expression of Australian ore systems, Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration, Perth, WA, 423 pages.
Freyssinet P, Butt CRM, Morris RC and Piantone P, 2005, ‘Ore-forming processes related to lateritic weathering’, In: Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, Hedenquist JW, Thomson JFH, Goldfarb RJ, Richards JP (eds)Economic Geology Publishing Company, New Haven, Connecticut, pp.681-722.
Philips GN, Anand RR, 2000, ‘Yandal Greenstone Belt: Regolith, Geology and Mineralisation’, Australian Institute of Geoscientists, Perth WA, Bulletin No.32, 400 pages.
AMF, 1999, ‘New Generation Gold Mines ’99: Case Histories of Discovery’, Australian Mineral Foundation, Glenside, South Australia.
AMF, 1997, ‘New Generation Gold Mines ’97: Case Histories of Discovery’, Australian Mineral Foundation, Glenside, South Australia.
AMF, 1995, ‘New Generation Gold Mines ’95: Case Histories of Discovery’, Australian Mineral Foundation, Glenside, South Australia.
Butt CRM, Zeegers H, 1992, ‘Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Terrains’, Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 4, 607 pages.
Smith RE, 1983, Geochemical Exploration in Deeply Weathered Terrain: CSIRO Institute of Energy and Earth Resources, Division of Mineralogy, Floreat Park, Combined Edition, 266 pages.
Butt CRM, Smith RE, 1980, ‘Conceptual Models in Exploration Geochemistry, 4: Australia’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 12: 89-365, also published as ‘Developments in Economic Geology’, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 13, 275 pages.
Mann AW, Deutscher RL, 1978, ‘Genesis principles for the precipitation of carnotite in calcrete drainages in Western Australia’, Economic Geology, 73: 1724-1737.
Smith RE, Butt CRM, Bettenay E, 1976, ‘Superficial mineral deposits and exploration geochemistry’, In: 25th International Geological Congress, Yilgarn Block, Western Australia, Excursion Guide No. 41C, 50 pages.
Butt CRM, Sheppy NR, 1975, ‘Geochemical exploration problems in Western Australia, exemplified by the Mt. Keith area’, In: Geochemical Exploration 1974, Elliott IL, Fletcher WK (eds), Developments in Economic Geology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1: 391-415.
Gaskin AJ, 1950, ‘Geochemistry’, In: Proc. of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Nos 156-157: 20-25.
Reviews
Anand RR, Paine M, 2002, ‘Regolith geology of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: implications for exploration’, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 49: 3-162.
Britt AF, Smith RE, Gray DJ, 2001, ‘Element mobilities and the Australian regolith – a mineral exploration perspective’, Marine and Freshwater Research, 52: 25-39.
Butt CRM, Lintern MJ, Anand RR, 2000, ‘Evolution of regoliths and landscapes in deeply weathered terrain – implications for geochemical exploration’, Ore Geology Reviews, 16: 167-183.
Smith RE, Anand RR, Alley NF, 2000, ‘Use and implications of paleoweathering surfaces in mineral exploration in Australia’, Ore Geology Reviews, 16: 185-204.
Smith RE, 1996, ‘Regolith research in support of mineral exploration in Australia’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 57: 159-173.
Butt CRM, Zeegers H, 1989, ‘Classification of geochemical exploration models for tropically weathered terrains’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 32: 65-74.
Butt CRM, 1988, ‘Major Uranium provinces: Yilgarn Block and Gascoyne Province, Western Australia’, 1985, Recognition of Uranium Provinces, IAEA, Vienna, pp.273-304.
Butt CRM, 1987, ‘A basis for geochemical exploration models for tropical terrains’, Chemical Geology, 60: 5-16.
Govett GJS, 1987, ‘Exploration geochemistry in some low-latitude areas – problems and techniques’, Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B, 96: B97-116.
Carr GR, Wilmshurst JR, Ryall WR, 1986, ‘Evaluation of mercury pathfinder techniques: base metal and uranium deposits’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 26: 1-117.
Bradshaw PMD, 1975, ‘Conceptual models in exploration geochemistry – The Canadian Cordillera and Canadian Shield’, Journal Geochemical Exploration, 4: 1-213.
Original papers
Butt CRM, Scott KM, Cornelius M, Robertson IDM, 2008, ‘Regolith sampling for geochemical sampling’, In: Regolith Science, Scott KM, Pain CF (eds), CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp.241-376.
Hough RM, Butt CRM, Reddy SM, Verrall M, 2007, ‘Gold nuggets: supergene or hypogene?’, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 54: 959-964.
Smith RE, Singh B, 2007, ‘Recognizing in lateritic cover, detritus shed from the Archaean Gossan Hill Cu-Zn-Au volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposit, Western Australia’, Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 7: 71-86.
Butt CRM, Nickel EH, Brand NW, 2006, ‘The weathering of nickel sulfide deposits and implications for geochemical exploration’, In: Nickel Deposits of the Yilgarn Craton, Barnes SJ (ed), Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 13, Economic Geology Publishing Company, New Haven, Connecticut, pp.139-165.
Robertson IDM, Craig MA, Anand RR, 2006, ‘Atlas of regolith materials of the Northern Territory’, Open File Report 196, CRC LEME, Perth.
Cornelius M, Singh B, Meyer S, Smith RE, Cornelius AJ, 2005, ‘Laterite geochemistry applied to diamond exploration in the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia’, Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 5: 291-310.
Smith RE, 2004, ‘Clues to mineralisation in proximal and distal regolith: a case study, Gossan Hill volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposit, Western Australia’, pp.109-112, In: Copper-zinc massive sulphide deposits of Western Australia, CSIRO Explores 2, CSIRO Melbourne, 149 pages.
Anand RR, Paine MD, Smith RE, 2002, ‘Genesis, classification and atlas of ferruginous materials, Yilgarn Craton’, Open File Report 73, CRC LEME, Perth.
Brand NW, Butt CRM, 2001, ‘Weathering, element distribution and geochemical dispersion at Mt. Keith, Western Australia: implication for nickel sulphide exploration’, Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 1: 391-407.
Butt CRM, 2001, ‘Dispersion of gold and associated elements in the lateritic regolith, Mystery Zone, Mt. Percy, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia’, Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 1: 291-306.
Cornelius M, Smith RE, Cornelius AJ, 2001, ‘Laterite geochemistry for regional exploration surveys – a review, and sampling strategies’, Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 1: 211-220.
Butt CRM, Gole MJ, Dyck W, 2000, ‘Helium’, In: Geochemical Remote Sensing of the Sub-Surface, Hale M (ed), Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 7: 303-352.
Anand RR, Fraser SJ, Jones MR, Li Shu, Munday TJ, Phang C, Robertson IDM, Scott KM, Vasconcelos P, Wildman JE, Wilford J, 1997, ‘Geochemical exploration in regolith-dominated terrain, North Queensland’, Final Report for AMIRA Project P417, Report 447R, 130 pages plus Appendices with data on diskettes. Re-issued 2000 as CRC LEME Open File Report 120.
Butt CRM, Gray DJ, Robertson IDM, Lintern MJ, Anand RR, Britt AF, Bristow APJ, Munday TJ, Phang C, Smith RE, Wildman JE, 1997, ‘Geochemical exploration in areas of transported overburden, Yilgarn Craton and Environments, Western Australia’, Final Report for AMIRA Project P409, CSIRO Exploration and Mining Report 333R, 155 pages. Re-issued 2001 as CRC LEME Open File Report 110.
Butt CRM, 1995, ‘Geochemical exploration for base metals in deeply weathered terrain’, In: Recent developments in base metal geology and exploration, Ho SE, Amann WJ (eds), Bulletin 16, Australian Institute of Geoscientists, Perth, 17-31. Reproduced in 2004, In: Copper-zinc massive sulphide deposits in Western Australia, McConaghy TF, McInnes BIA (eds), CSIRO Exploration and Mining, Melbourne, pp.81-101.
Anand RR, Churchward HM, Smith RE, Smith K, Gozzard JR, Craig MA, Munday TJ, 1993, ‘Classification and atlas of regolith-landform mapping units – exploration perspectives for the Yilgarn Craton’, CSIRO Australia, Division of Exploration Geoscience Report 440R. Re-issued 1998 as CRC LEME Open File Report 2.
Anand RR, Smith RE, Phang C, Wildman JE, Robertson IDM, Munday TJ, 1993, ‘Geochemical exploration in complex lateritic environments of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia’, Final Report for AMIRA Project P240A. Report 442R, Volume 1, 297 pages – Volume II, 116 pages – Volume III, 141 pages. Appendices with data on diskettes. Re-issued 1999 as CRC LEME Open File Report 58.
Butt CRM, Gray DJ, Lintern MJ, Robertson IDM, 1993, ‘Gold and associated elements in the regolith – dispersion processes and implications for exploration’, Final Report, Project 241A. CSIRO Australia, Division of Exploration Geoscience Report 396R, 64 pages. Re-issued 1998 as CRC LEME Open File Report 57.
Lintern MJ, Butt CRM, 1993, ‘Pedogenic carbonate: an important sampling medium for gold exploration in semi-arid areas’, Exploration Geoscience News, CSIRO Australia, Division of Exploration Geoscience, 7: 7-11.
Robertson IDM, Butt CRM, 1993, ‘Atlas of weathered rocks’, CSIRO Division of Exploration Geoscience Report 390R. Re-issued 1997 as CRC LEME Open File Report 1.
Butt CRM, Williams PA, Gray DJ, Robertson IDM, Schorin KH, Churchward HM, Tenhaeff MFJ, 1992, ‘Geochemical exploration for platinum group elements in lateritic terrain’, Final Report, AMIRA Project 252, CSIRO Australia, Division of Exploration Geoscience Report 332R, 3 Volumes, 413 pages. Re-issued 2001 as CRC LEME Open File Report 85.
Gray DJ, Butt CRM, Lawrance LM, 1992, ‘The geochemistry of gold in lateritic terrains’, In: Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Terrains, Butt CRM, Zeegers H (eds), Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 4: 461-482.
Smith RE, Anand RR, Churchward HM, Robertson IDM, Grunsky EC, Wildman JE, Perdrix JL, 1992, ‘Laterite geochemistry for detecting concealed mineral deposits’, Summary Report for the CSIRO-AMIRA Project 240 Laterite Geochemistry, CSIRO Division of Exploration Geoscience Restricted Report 236R, 171 pages. Re-issued 1998 as CRC LEME Open File Report 50.
Taylor GF, Thornber MR, 1992, ‘Gossan formation and gossan surveys’, In: Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Terrains, Butt CRM, Zeegers H (eds), Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 4: 115-202.
Butt CRM, Gray DJ, Lintern MJ, Robertson IDM, Taylor GF, Scott KM, 1991, ‘Gold and associated elements in the regolith – dispersion processes and implications for exploration’, Final Report, AMIRA Project 241, CSIRO Australia, Division of Exploration Geoscience Report 167R, 114 pages. Re-issued 1998 CRC LEME Open file Report 29.
Butt CRM, 1989, ‘Geomorphology and climatic history – keys to understanding geochemical dispersion in deeply weathered terrains, exemplified by gold’, In: Exploration ’87: Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration for Minerals and Groundwater, Garland GD (ed), Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 3: 323-334.
Smith RE, 1989, ‘Using Lateritic Surfaces to Advantage in Exploration’, In: Exploration ’87: Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration for Minerals and Groundwater, Garland GD (ed), Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 3: 312-322.
Smith RE, Birrell RD, Brigden JF, 1989, ‘The implications to exploration of chalcophile corridors in the Archaean Yilgarn Block, Western Australia, as revealed by laterite geochemistry’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, *32: 169-184.
Anand RR, Smith RE, Churchward HM, Perdrix JL, Grunsky EC, 1989, ‘Laterite types and associated ferruginous materials, Yilgarn Block, WA – Terminology, Classification and Atlas’, CSIRO Division of Exploration Geoscience Restricted Report 60R.
Butt CRM, 1989, ‘Genesis of Supergene Gold Deposits in the Lateritic Regolith of the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia’, In: The Geology of Gold Deposits: The Perspective in 1988, Keays RR, Ramsay WRH, Groves DI (eds), Economic Geology Monograph 8: 460-470.
Smith RE, 1987, ‘Current research at CSIRO Australia on Multi-element Laterite Geochemistry for Detecting Concealed Mineral Deposits’, In: Proc. of an International Seminar on Laterite, Ogura Y (guest ed), Oct 14-17, 1985, Tokyo, Japan, Chem. Geol., 60: 205-211.
Smith RE, Perdrix JL, Davis JM, 1987, ‘Dispersion into pisolitic laterite from the Greenbushes mineralized Sn-Ta pegmatite system, Western Australia’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 28: 251-265.
Gulson BL, 1986, Lead isotopes in mineral exploration, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 245 pages.
Butt CRM, 1985, ‘Granite weathering and silcrete formation on the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia’, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32: 415-432.
Nickel EH, 1985, ‘Gossans’, In: Handbook of strata-bound and stratiform ore deposits, Wolf KH (ed), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 13: 261-390.
Smith RE, Campbell NA, Litchfield R, 1984, ‘Multivariate Statistical Techniques Applied to Pisolitic Laterite Geochemistry at Golden Grove, Western Australia’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 22: 193-216.
Mann AW, 1984, ‘Redistribution of gold in the oxidised zone of some Western Australian deposits’, Gold-mining, Metallurgy and Geology, Proc. of the Regional Conference on Mining and Metallurgy, Perth and Kalgoorlie, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, p.1-12.
Smith RE, Perdrix JL, 1983, ‘Pisolitic lateritic geochemistry in the Golden Grove massive sulphide district, Western Australia’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 18: 131-164.
Butt CRM, 1981, ‘The nature and origin of the weathering mantle, with particular reference to Western Australia’, In: Geophysical Prospecting in Deeply Weathered Terrains, Doyle HA, Glover JE, Groves DI (eds), Publications Geology Department and Extension Service, University of Western Australia, 6: 11-29.
Butt CRM, 1979, ‘Geochemistry of a pseudo-gossan developed on a black shale – dolerite contact, Killara, Western Australia’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 11: 131-156.
Smith RE, Moeskops PG, Nickel EH, 1979, ‘Multi-element geochemistry at the Golden Grove Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag deposit’, In: Pathfinder and Multi-element Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration, Glover JE, Groves DI, Smith RE (eds), University of Western Australia Publication, 4: 30-41.
Churchward HM, 1977, ‘Landforms, regolith and soils of the Sandstone-Mt. Keith area, Western Australia’, CSIRO Division of Land Resources Management Series Report Number 002, 22 pages, 1 folded 1:250 000 scale map.
Gedeon AZ, Butt CRM, Gardner KA, Hart MKW, 1977, ‘The applicability of some geochemical analytical techniques in determining “total” compositions of some lateritized rocks’, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 8: 283-303.
Mazzucchelli RH, James CH, 1966, ‘Arsenic as a guide to gold mineralization in laterite covered areas of Western Australia’, Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy – Section B: Applied Earth Science, 75: B286-294.